The de facto standard of dynamic histogram binning for radiomic feature extraction leads to an elevated sensitivity to fluctuations in annotated regions. This may impact the majority of radiomic studies published recently and contribute to issues regarding poor reproducibility of radiomic-based machine learning that has led to significant efforts for data harmonization; however, we believe the issues highlighted here are comparatively neglected, but often remedied by choosing static binning. The field of radiomics has improved through the development of community standards and open-source libraries such as PyRadiomics. But differences in image acquisition, systematic differences between observers' annotations, and preprocessing steps still pose challenges. These can change the distribution of voxels altering extracted features and can be exacerbated with dynamic binning.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) refers to clinician-performed and interpreted ultrasonography at the patient's bedside. Interpreting these images requires a high level of expertise, which may not be available during emergencies. In this paper, we support POCUS by developing classifiers that can aid medical professionals by diagnosing whether or not a patient has pneumothorax. We decomposed the task into multiple steps, using YOLOv4 to extract relevant regions of the video and a 3D sparse coding model to represent video features. Given the difficulty in acquiring positive training videos, we trained a small-data classifier with a maximum of 15 positive and 32 negative examples. To counteract this limitation, we leveraged subject matter expert (SME) knowledge to limit the hypothesis space, thus reducing the cost of data collection. We present results using two lung ultrasound datasets and demonstrate that our model is capable of achieving performance on par with SMEs in pneumothorax identification. We then developed an iOS application that runs our full system in less than 4 seconds on an iPad Pro, and less than 8 seconds on an iPhone 13 Pro, labeling key regions in the lung sonogram to provide interpretable diagnoses.

恶意软件（恶意软件）分类为持续学习（CL）制度提供了独特的挑战，这是由于每天收到的新样本的数量以及恶意软件的发展以利用新漏洞。在典型的一天中，防病毒供应商将获得数十万个独特的软件，包括恶意和良性，并且在恶意软件分类器的一生中，有超过十亿个样品很容易积累。鉴于问题的规模，使用持续学习技术的顺序培训可以在减少培训和存储开销方面提供可观的好处。但是，迄今为止，还没有对CL应用于恶意软件分类任务的探索。在本文中，我们研究了11种应用于三个恶意软件任务的CL技术，涵盖了常见的增量学习方案，包括任务，类和域增量学习（IL）。具体而言，使用两个现实的大规模恶意软件数据集，我们评估了CL方法在二进制恶意软件分类（domain-il）和多类恶意软件家庭分类（Task-IL和类IL）任务上的性能。令我们惊讶的是，在几乎所有情况下，持续的学习方法显着不足以使训练数据的幼稚关节重播 - 在某些情况下，将精度降低了70个百分点以上。与关节重播相比，有选择性重播20％的存储数据的一种简单方法可以实现更好的性能，占训练时间的50％。最后，我们讨论了CL技术表现出乎意料差的潜在原因，希望它激发进一步研究在恶意软件分类域中更有效的技术。

随着工程系统的复杂性的增长，对自动方法的需求越来越多，可以检测，诊断甚至正确的瞬时异常，这些异常不可避免地会出现，并且可能难以或不可能手动诊断和修复。在我们文明的最敏感和最复杂的系统中，探测器在引力波引起的距离中寻找令人难以置信的很小的变化 - 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein）最初预测的现象是由于黑洞和其他其他碰撞而在宇宙中涌现和传播的探测器。深空中的大量物体。此类探测器的极端复杂性和精度使它们受到瞬时噪声问题的影响，这些问题可能会大大限制其敏感性和有效性。在这项工作中，我们介绍了一种可以检测和表征这种大规模复杂系统的新兴瞬态异常的方法的演示。我们通过一个普遍的问题之一来说明自动化解决方案的性能，精度和适应性，限制重力波发现：陆地质量造影，污染了重力波观测体的高度敏感测量，并可以模仿甚至模仿的天体物理学信号他们正在听。具体而言，我们证明了高度可解释的卷积分类器如何自动学习从辅助探测器数据中检测瞬时异常，而无需观察异常本身。我们还说明了该模型的其他几个有用的功能，包括如何执行自动变量选择，以将数万个辅助数据渠道降低到只有几个相关的数据渠道；它如何识别这些通道中异常情况的行为特征；以及如何使用它来研究单个异常及其相关的渠道。

随着我们感知增强的能力，我们正在经历从数据贫困问题的过渡，其中中心问题是缺乏相关数据，即数据越来越多的问题，其中核心问题是确定一个中的一些相关功能海洋观察。通过在重力波天体物理学中应用的激励，我们研究了从检测器及其环境中丰富的测量值收集的引力波检测器中瞬时噪声伪影的存在。我们认为，功能学习 - 从数据中优化了哪些相关功能 - 对于实现高精度至关重要。我们引入的模型将错误率降低60％以上，而不是先前使用固定的手工制作功能的最新现状。功能学习不仅有用，因为它可以提高预测任务的性能；结果提供了有关与感兴趣现象相关的模式的宝贵信息，否则这些现象将是无法发现的。在我们的应用程序中，发现与瞬态噪声相关的功能提供了有关其起源的诊断信息，并建议缓解策略。在高维环境中学习具有挑战性。通过使用各种体系结构的实验，我们确定了成功模型中的两个关键因素：稀疏性，用于在高维观测中选择相关变量；和深度，这赋予了处理复杂相互作用和相对于时间变化的鲁棒性的灵活性。我们通过对实际检测器数据进行系统的实验来说明它们的意义。我们的结果提供了对机器学习社区中常见假设的实验性佐证，并具有直接适用于提高我们感知引力波的能力以及许多其他具有类似高维，嘈杂或部分无关数据的问题的问题。

Objective: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated promise in automated cardiac magnetic resonance image segmentation. However, when using CNNs in a large real-world dataset, it is important to quantify segmentation uncertainty and identify segmentations which could be problematic. In this work, we performed a systematic study of Bayesian and non-Bayesian methods for estimating uncertainty in segmentation neural networks. Methods: We evaluated Bayes by Backprop, Monte Carlo Dropout, Deep Ensembles, and Stochastic Segmentation Networks in terms of segmentation accuracy, probability calibration, uncertainty on out-of-distribution images, and segmentation quality control. Results: We observed that Deep Ensembles outperformed the other methods except for images with heavy noise and blurring distortions. We showed that Bayes by Backprop is more robust to noise distortions while Stochastic Segmentation Networks are more resistant to blurring distortions. For segmentation quality control, we showed that segmentation uncertainty is correlated with segmentation accuracy for all the methods. With the incorporation of uncertainty estimates, we were able to reduce the percentage of poor segmentation to 5% by flagging 31--48% of the most uncertain segmentations for manual review, substantially lower than random review without using neural network uncertainty (reviewing 75--78% of all images). Conclusion: This work provides a comprehensive evaluation of uncertainty estimation methods and showed that Deep Ensembles outperformed other methods in most cases. Significance: Neural network uncertainty measures can help identify potentially inaccurate segmentations and alert users for manual review.

一个多世纪以前，伊万·P·帕夫洛夫（Ivan P. Pavlov）在经典实验中展示了狗如何学会将铃铛与食物联系起来，从而导致戒指导致唾液。如今，很少发现使用Pavlovian类型的关联学习用于人工智能（AI）应用程序，即使其他学习概念，尤其是对人工神经网络（ANN）的反向传播也蓬勃发展。但是，使用反向传播方法的训练在“常规” ANN上，尤其是现代深神经网络（DNNS）的形式，是计算和能量密集型的。在这里，我们在实验上展示了使用单个（或单一）关联硬件元素的无反向传播学习形式。我们使用相位变换材料与芯片级联方向耦合器相结合的集成光子平台上意识到这一点。然后，我们使用我们的Monadic Pavlovian光子硬件开发扩展的电路网络，该硬件可以基于单元素关联提供独特的机器学习框架，并且重要的是，重要的是，使用无反向传播的架构来解决一般学习任务。我们的方法通过在传统的神经网络方法中学习来减轻施加的计算负担，从而提高了速度，同时还提供了我们光子实现固有的更高带宽。

Logic Mill is a scalable and openly accessible software system that identifies semantically similar documents within either one domain-specific corpus or multi-domain corpora. It uses advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to generate numerical representations of documents. Currently it leverages a large pre-trained language model to generate these document representations. The system focuses on scientific publications and patent documents and contains more than 200 million documents. It is easily accessible via a simple Application Programming Interface (API) or via a web interface. Moreover, it is continuously being updated and can be extended to text corpora from other domains. We see this system as a general-purpose tool for future research applications in the social sciences and other domains.

This paper proposes a novel observer-based controller for Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) designed to directly receive measurements from a Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation System (VA-INS) and produce the required thrust and rotational torque inputs. The VA-INS is composed of a vision unit (monocular or stereo camera) and a typical low-cost 6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) equipped with an accelerometer and a gyroscope. A major benefit of this approach is its applicability for environments where the Global Positioning System (GPS) is inaccessible. The proposed VTOL-UAV observer utilizes IMU and feature measurements to accurately estimate attitude (orientation), gyroscope bias, position, and linear velocity. Ability to use VA-INS measurements directly makes the proposed observer design more computationally efficient as it obviates the need for attitude and position reconstruction. Once the motion components are estimated, the observer-based controller is used to control the VTOL-UAV attitude, angular velocity, position, and linear velocity guiding the vehicle along the desired trajectory in six degrees of freedom (6 DoF). The closed-loop estimation and the control errors of the observer-based controller are proven to be exponentially stable starting from almost any initial condition. To achieve global and unique VTOL-UAV representation in 6 DoF, the proposed approach is posed on the Lie Group and the design in unit-quaternion is presented. Although the proposed approach is described in a continuous form, the discrete version is provided and tested. Keywords: Vision-aided inertial navigation system, unmanned aerial vehicle, vertical take-off and landing, stochastic, noise, Robotics, control systems, air mobility, observer-based controller algorithm, landmark measurement, exponential stability.

Recent advances in upper limb prostheses have led to significant improvements in the number of movements provided by the robotic limb. However, the method for controlling multiple degrees of freedom via user-generated signals remains challenging. To address this issue, various machine learning controllers have been developed to better predict movement intent. As these controllers become more intelligent and take on more autonomy in the system, the traditional approach of representing the human-machine interface as a human controlling a tool becomes limiting. One possible approach to improve the understanding of these interfaces is to model them as collaborative, multi-agent systems through the lens of joint action. The field of joint action has been commonly applied to two human partners who are trying to work jointly together to achieve a task, such as singing or moving a table together, by effecting coordinated change in their shared environment. In this work, we compare different prosthesis controllers (proportional electromyography with sequential switching, pattern recognition, and adaptive switching) in terms of how they present the hallmarks of joint action. The results of the comparison lead to a new perspective for understanding how existing myoelectric systems relate to each other, along with recommendations for how to improve these systems by increasing the collaborative communication between each partner.